City · Alabama
Birmingham, Alabama
Birmingham, city, mostly in Jefferson County (99.1% of its 2020 residents), with a part in Shelby County, Alabama. Birmingham had 195,893 residents on July 1, 2025 by the Census Bureau's estimate, down 2.3% since 2020; the 2020 Census counted 200,733 and the ACS 2020-2024 5-year estimates put it at 198,173 (±718). GEOID 0107000.
Residents, July 2025 estimate
195,893
Census Bureau estimate (no margin published)
2020 Census count: 200,733 · ACS 2020-2024: 198,173 ±718
Median household income
$46,051
±$1,718 (90% margin)
Alabama: $63,999
Median home value
$158,800
±$8,824 (90% margin)
Alabama: $209,900
Median gross rent
$1,107
±$21 (90% margin)
Alabama: $1,007
Where is Birmingham and what county is it in?
Birmingham is a city mostly in Jefferson County (99.1% of its 2020 residents), with a part in Shelby County, Alabama. It covers 147.1 square miles of land, 1,365 residents per square mile in 2020.
Birmingham is in the Birmingham, AL metropolitan statistical area, which takes in 7 counties (Census Bureau delineation, July 2023).
| County | 2020 residents | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Jefferson County | 198,829 | 99.1% |
| Shelby County | 1,904 | 1.0% |
Source: 2024 Gazetteer and 2020 place-by-county files, U.S. Census Bureau · Census reference files
How many people live in Birmingham, and is it growing?
The Census Bureau estimates that 195,893 people lived in Birmingham on July 1, 2025, down 2.3% since 2020, while Alabama grew 3.3%. The 2020 Census counted 200,733 residents. The 2020-2024 American Community Survey, a five-year sample, puts the population at 198,173 (±718).
| Measure | Birmingham | Jefferson County | Change since 2015-2019 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total population | 198,173 ±718 | 667,755 | −14,124 |
| Households | 88,788 ±1,539 | 269,883 | −2,079 |
| Average household size | 2.12 ±0.04 | 2.40 | −0.12 |
| Housing units | 109,349 ±1,375 | 310,789 | −5,361 |
Birmingham's population since 2000
From 242,820 in 2000 to 195,893 in 2025: down 19.3%. The 2000, 2010 and 2020 figures are census counts, each for Birmingham as it was drawn that year: a place that annexed land, or a community that has since incorporated, covered a different area then. The 2005 figure is the Census Bureau's intercensal estimate, revised to fit the 2000 and 2010 counts and drawn on 2010 boundaries; 2015 and 2025 are July 1 estimates made from the census before them.
Source: The 2000, 2010 and 2020 Census counts and the Census Bureau's population estimates (intercensal 2000-2010, Vintage 2020, Vintage 2025) · Census population estimates
Source: American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year estimates, U.S. Census Bureau (released January 2026); Census PEP Vintage 2025 (SUB-EST2025, CO-EST2025); 2020 Census P.L. 94-171 · Check it at data.census.gov
Who lives in Birmingham?
The median resident of Birmingham is 35.6 years old; 18.9% are under 18 and 16.4% are 65 or older. The largest group is non-Hispanic Black residents at 66.7%, then non-Hispanic white residents at 24.2%. 4.7% of residents were born outside the United States.
| Measure | Birmingham | Jefferson County | Change since 2015-2019 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Median age | 35.6 ±0.7 | 37.7 | no clear change |
| Under 18 years | 18.9% ±0.9 pts | 22.9% | – |
| 65 years and over | 16.4% ±0.7 pts | 16.8% | – |
| Male | 46.9% ±0.7 pts | 47.5% | – |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 4.8% ±0.7 pts | 5.5% | +0.9 pts |
| White alone, not Hispanic | 24.2% ±1.0 pts | 47.5% | no clear change |
| Black or African American alone, not Hispanic | 66.7% ±1.2 pts | 42.1% | −2.9 pts |
| Asian alone, not Hispanic | 1.4% ±0.2 pts | 1.9% | +0.3 pts |
| American Indian and Alaska Native alone, not Hispanic | 0.1% ±0.1 pts | 0.1% | – |
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone, not Hispanic | 0.1% ±0.1 pts | 0.1% | – |
| Two or more races, not Hispanic | 2.2% ±0.7 pts | 2.3% | – |
| Some other race alone, not Hispanic | 0.6% ±0.4 pts | 0.5% | – |
| Born outside the United States | 4.7% ±0.6 pts | 4.9% | +0.9 pts |
| Speak a language other than English at home (age 5+) | 6.9% ±0.7 pts | 7.6% | – |
| Civilian veterans (age 18+) | 5.2% ±0.5 pts | 5.7% | – |
| With a disability | 17.7% ±1.0 pts | 15.4% | – |
| No health insurance coverage | 12.8% ±0.8 pts | 9.4% | no clear change |
| High school graduate or higher (age 25+) | 89.0% ±0.8 pts | 91.2% | – |
| Bachelor's degree or higher (age 25+) | 31.1% ±1.2 pts | 36.2% | +3.7 pts |
| Graduate or professional degree (age 25+) | 12.3% ±0.8 pts | 14.8% | – |
| Lived in the same house a year earlier | 82.6% ±1.2 pts | 87.1% | – |
| Moved from another state in the past year | 2.5% ±0.4 pts | 1.9% | – |
Source: American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year estimates, U.S. Census Bureau (released January 2026) (Data Profiles DP02, DP05) · Check it at data.census.gov
What do households in Birmingham earn?
Half of Birmingham's 88,788 households earn less than $46,051 a year (±$1,718), against $66,388 in Jefferson County and $63,999 in Alabama. In 2015-2019 it was $45,997 in 2024 dollars; the margins of error cannot tell the two periods apart. 24.7% of residents live below the poverty line.
| Measure | Birmingham | Jefferson County | Change since 2015-2019 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Median household income | $46,051 ±$1,718 | $66,388 | no clear change |
| Mean household income | $69,447 ±$2,263 | $99,682 | – |
| Per capita income | $32,216 ±$1,201 | $41,013 | +$2,089 |
| People below the poverty line | 24.7% ±1.5 pts | 15.7% | no clear change |
| Children under 18 below the poverty line | 40.4% ±4.3 pts | 21.8% | no clear change |
| Households receiving SNAP | 21.9% ±1.3 pts | 14.2% | – |
| Households with a computer | 94.0% ±0.8 pts | 95.4% | – |
| Households with a broadband subscription | 87.0% ±0.9 pts | 90.4% | – |
Source: American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year estimates, U.S. Census Bureau (released January 2026) (Data Profile DP03) · Check it at data.census.gov
What does housing cost in Birmingham?
Owners occupy 45.5% of Birmingham's occupied homes and renters 54.5%. The median owner-occupied home is valued at $158,800 by its owner (±$8,824). The median renter pays $1,107 a month including utilities, and 46.1% of renters pay 35% or more of their income on rent.
| Measure | Birmingham | Jefferson County | Change since 2015-2019 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Median home value (owner-occupied) | $158,800 ±$8,824 | $240,000 | +$46,684 |
| Median gross rent | $1,107 ±$21 | $1,193 | +$77 |
| Renters paying 35% or more of income on rent | 46.1% ±2.5 pts | 43.5% | no clear change |
| Median monthly owner costs, with a mortgage | $1,377 ±$46 | $1,619 | – |
| Owner-occupied homes | 45.5% ±1.3 pts | 63.9% | no clear change |
| Renter-occupied homes | 54.5% ±1.3 pts | 36.1% | – |
| Housing units | 109,349 ±1,375 | 310,789 | −5,361 |
| Homeowner vacancy rate | 1.7% ±0.5 pts | 1.2% | – |
| Rental vacancy rate | 7.1% ±1.0 pts | 7.0% | – |
| Single-family detached homes | 58.0% ±1.1 pts | 68.6% | – |
| Mobile homes | 0.8% ±0.3 pts | 3.1% | – |
| Built 2020 or later | 0.8% ±0.3 pts | 1.2% | – |
| Built 2010 to 2019 | 6.7% ±0.7 pts | 7.6% | – |
| Built 1939 or earlier | 18.3% ±1.1 pts | 10.3% | – |
| Households with no vehicle | 12.0% ±1.0 pts | 7.0% | – |
Source: American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year estimates, U.S. Census Bureau (released January 2026) (Data Profile DP04) · Check it at data.census.gov
How many new homes is Birmingham building?
Builders took permits for 579 new housing units in Birmingham in 2025 (91 in single-family houses), 3.0 per 1,000 residents against 3.7 across Alabama.
Counts of units in permits a local office issued; not every permitted unit is built. A year marked with months was reported for part of the year.
Source: Building Permits Survey, annual place files 2019-2025, U.S. Census Bureau · Census Building Permits Survey
How do people in Birmingham work and get to work?
73.7% of Birmingham's workers drive alone and 9.9% work from home. The average trip to work takes 20.8 minutes. The unemployment rate in 2020-2024 averaged 5.8%.
| Measure | Birmingham | Jefferson County | Change since 2015-2019 |
|---|---|---|---|
| In the labor force (age 16+) | 59.4% ±1.2 pts | 61.5% | – |
| Unemployment rate | 5.8% ±0.8 pts | 4.7% | −3.2 pts |
| Drove alone to work | 73.7% ±1.5 pts | 77.3% | – |
| Carpooled | 9.5% ±0.9 pts | 8.2% | – |
| Public transportation | 1.2% ±0.5 pts | 0.6% | – |
| Walked | 3.5% ±0.5 pts | 1.6% | – |
| Worked from home | 9.9% ±1.0 pts | 11.1% | +7.6 pts |
| Mean travel time to work | 20.8 min ±0.5 | 24.1 min | −1.1 min |
Source: American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year estimates, U.S. Census Bureau (released January 2026) (Data Profile DP03) · Check it at data.census.gov
What census tracts are in Birmingham?
66 census tracts lie mostly in Birmingham, and 51 more reach into it (2020 census blocks). Their median household incomes run from $15,964 (Tract 5) to $117,500 (Tract 23.06).
| Tract | Residents, 2020-2024 | Median household income |
|---|---|---|
| Tract 59.05Jefferson County | 6,811 | $51,786 |
| Tract 38.02Jefferson County | 4,901 | $52,147 |
| Tract 59.03Jefferson County | 5,401 | $64,427 |
| Tract 37Jefferson County | 4,620 | $29,088 |
| Tract 56Jefferson County | 4,647 | $74,996 |
| Tract 11Jefferson County | 4,574 | $46,703 |
| Tract 36Jefferson County | 4,201 | $37,417 |
| Tract 30.01Jefferson County | 4,042 | $55,817 |
| Tract 20Jefferson County | 4,096 | $34,017 |
| Tract 23.06Jefferson County | 3,915 | $117,500 |
| Tract 45.02Jefferson County | 3,504 | $57,689 |
| Tract 38.03Jefferson County | 3,463 | $36,231 |
Source: American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year estimates, U.S. Census Bureau (released January 2026); 2020 block assignment files (tract share = share of the tract's census blocks in Birmingham) · Census block assignment files
How does Birmingham compare with other places in Alabama?
By the Census Bureau's July 2025 estimates, Birmingham is the 132nd-most populous of the 19,476 U.S. incorporated places that have one and the 3rd-most populous of 463 in Alabama.
Birmingham ranks 222nd of 305 places in Alabama with 1,000 or more residents and a reliable estimate, by median household income.
| Measure | Rank | Of |
|---|---|---|
| Population, July 2025 estimate | 3rd | 463 |
| Growth 2020-2025 (PEP) | 185th | 257 |
| Residents per square mile | 24th | 311 |
| Median household income | 222nd | 305 |
| Per capita income | 130th | 311 |
| Median home value | 171st | 304 |
| Median gross rent | 64th | 274 |
| Poverty rate | 73rd | 258 |
| Bachelor's degree or higher | 66th | 295 |
| Median age | 239th | 309 |
| Owner-occupied share | 301st | 310 |
| Work from home | 57th | 138 |
| Travel time to work | 263rd | 310 |
Birmingham's figures with every place in Alabama (CSV)
Every place in Alabama, sortable · Compare Birmingham with other places
Source: PlainCities ranks computed from the American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year estimates, U.S. Census Bureau (released January 2026) and PEP Vintage 2025 · How ranks are computed
How reliable are the figures for Birmingham?
3 of the 57 figures for Birmingham on this page carry a coefficient of variation over 40% and are marked with a ring: they come from a small sample, so read them as rough.
The American Community Survey samples about one household in eight over five years, so every figure is an estimate with a 90% margin of error (shown under each value). A ring marks an estimate whose coefficient of variation is over 40%. A change is called only when the gap between the two periods is larger than their combined 90% margin (the square root of the sum of the two squared margins), the Census Bureau's test. How to read a margin of error.
Source: American Community Survey 2020-2024 5-year estimates, U.S. Census Bureau (released January 2026): margins of error as published · ACS technical documentation
How these figures are made: methodology and release checks · reading a margin of error · every state · corrections
Not on this page: crime, weather and schools for Birmingham are other agencies' records. Crime: the FBI's Crime Data Explorer · climate: NOAA's U.S. Climate Normals · schools: the National Center for Education Statistics' public schools in Birmingham.