City profile · California · Census ACS 2023

Avenal, CA

Avenal's Census ACS profile: residents, income, housing, and the joined public-record layers available for this place.

13,441
Residents
$52,986
Median income
$224,800
Median home
$2,053
Median rent (state)
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Side-by-side metrics and state or size-class ranks use the same Census and FBI fields shown on this profile. Results stay in the URL so you can bookmark or share them.

Compare with another city

Starting with Avenal, CA - add up to three more cities on the compare page.

See how it ranks

State rank, size-class rank, and four peer cities for Avenal.

Place dossier plate

Sheet CA-AVENAL-CA · Avenal, CA 13,441 pop · income 24th pct

POP-TOWN · INC-MID · COL-ABOVE · SAFE-UPPER · RANK-LOWER · PHOTO-FINISH · HOME-MID · BOOK-UNK

  • POP-TOWN 13,441
  • INC-MID $52,986
  • COL-ABOVE 110.7
  • SAFE-UPPER 78th pct
  • RANK-LOWER 24th
  • PHOTO-FINISH ≈ Trenton
  • HOME-MID $224,800
  • BOOK-UNK Tracts pending

Nearest income peer: Trenton, SC (+ $0 income $)

Instrument codes from this place’s ACS population and household income, BEA state COL, FBI safety, national income percentile, photo-finish peer city, home-value band, and matched Census-tract book - not a moving recommendation.

Income neighbourhood around Avenal

Lowest/highest poles plus peers nearest Avenal on median household income. Full ladder: /browse and /rankings.

median HH income

What this shows Neighbourhood peers only - not a full nationwide city board. Open a near peer when the gap is small; open the poles when the spread is wide.

Source U.S. Census Bureau · ACS 5-Year Estimates As of 2026-08-08

Compare beyond this state

Nationwide peers by population, income, and FBI crime rate

Out-of-state nearest neighbors for Avenal on ACS population and median household income , plus FBI UCR reporting rate when the extract covers this place. Link sets are deduped so each column is a distinct comparison path, not a forecast that peers share a labor market or climate.

Similar population

Nearest out-of-state cities by ACS population. This city: 13,441.

4 peers

Similar household income

Nearest out-of-state cities by ACS median household income. This city: $52,986. Population peers are excluded.

4 peers

Similar FBI crime rate

Nearest out-of-state cities by UCR crimes per 100,000. This city: 671.2. Population and income peers are excluded.

4 peers

Agency-reported UCR totals per 100,000 population, not a neighborhood safety grade or a prediction of personal risk.

Avenal - the verdict

Out of every US city with 1,000+ residents, Avenal places in the 24th percentile for household income and the 78th percentile for safety. Source: Census ACS + FBI UCR.

24th
percentile, household income
49th
percentile, home value
88th
percentile, median rent
78th
percentile, safety
📝 How we sourced this

Population, income, and housing-cost figures come from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 5-year estimates (B-series tables). Crime data uses FBI UCR; climate uses NOAA Climate Normals; school counts come from NCES Common Core of Data; permits use the Census Building Permits Survey (BPS). See our methodology page for the full ETL pipeline and OMB / FIPS join keys.

Data Snapshot: Avenal, CA

California's Avenal is a small town, with 13,441 residents per the latest Census Bureau ACS figures. The typical household in Avenal brings in $52,986 a year, in the lower quartile of U.S. cities for household income, with a poverty rate of 16.7%. Home values in Avenal run a median of $224,800, and the median resident age is 32.3 years. 4.4% of adults here have a bachelor's degree or higher; 39.6% of working-age residents are in the labor force.

Housing supply pressure shows in Census Building Permit Survey data: 7 residential units were authorized in 2024 (Construction Slowdown), down 59% from five years earlier. Avenal reports a comparatively low crime rate: the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting program logs 671.2 total incidents per 100,000 residents here, below the national average (agency reporting is voluntary, so this measures reporting activity, not a definitive danger score).

California carries a cost-of-living premium: BEA Regional Price Parities 2024 puts California at 110.7 on a 100-equals-national-average scale (Well Above Average). A typical two-bedroom carries a HUD Fair Market Rent of $2,053 per month statewide. EIA 2023 residential energy data puts California's average monthly utility costs around $275 (state average). Workers in Avenal report an average commute of 30.6 minutes, with 74.2% driving alone and 1.8% working from home. Natural-hazard exposure scores 88.7 out of 100 on FEMA's National Risk Index (Very High).

A decision-led reading path

Useful questions to ask of Avenal's data

How this reading path is ordered

This is not a composite city score. It is a city-specific route through the available public records, ordered for this profile so the page starts with questions the joined data can actually answer. The route here runs from comparison shortlist to reported crime to population change to work and mobility to housing and income to schools and households; another city can have a different sequence or fewer supported layers because the source joins are not uniform.

For Avenal, city-specific coverage includes local building permits, matched public-school count, annual population history, commute-mode shares, FBI reported-crime rates. No matched row is reported here for within-city Census tract profiles; the page leaves those layers out instead of substituting a statewide or national value.

Question 1

Which cities make useful reference points for Avenal?

Within California, the closest population matches are Lake Los Angeles (13,479 residents, $60,999 income); Lamont (13,481 residents, $34,436 income); King City (13,512 residents, $63,090 income). Outside the state, the closest population matches in this dataset are Woodinville, WA (13,440 residents); Kilgore, TX (13,444 residents); Palmetto, FL (13,449 residents). A third, income-matched reference set of 6 out-of-state cities sits in the income neighbourhood chart near the Place Dossier plate. These are mechanical peer sets, not claims that the places share a labor market, climate, culture, or metro context.

Use the in-state set to hold state policy and broad price conditions more nearly constant. Use the nationwide size set to ask whether cities with a similar resident count produce different housing, income, or commute outcomes. The income set is a third lens, deliberately separate from population matching. The nationwide peer panel below adds a fourth FBI UCR reporting-rate lens, not personal risk.

Open a side-by-side comparison →

2. Reported crime

What can the FBI record say about safety in Avenal?

Treat this as a reporting-rate comparison, not a prediction of personal risk or a neighborhood-level safety grade. Tourism, daytime population, reporting practices, and variation inside the city are not adjusted away. The state rank and same-state peer table are the narrower comparisons available on this page.

The joined FBI UCR record reports 671.2 violent and property crimes per 100,000 residents, below the 2280.5 national reference used here. The difference is 71% lower in arithmetic terms, but agency participation is voluntary and reporting completeness varies.

Review the safety ranking method →

3. Population change

Is Avenal growing, shrinking, or holding steady?

The recent population line is broadly flat. That makes the composition of change more important than the headline count: housing turnover, household size, and age structure can shift even when the total barely moves.

Census PEP estimates show the population grew by +17 residents from 2020 to 2025, a +0.1% change. Separately, Census BPS recorded 7 housing units authorized in 2024. PEP and ACS are different Census series, so the trend is kept separate from the headline ACS population.

See the national growth ranking →

4. Work and mobility

What does the journey to work look like in Avenal?

Mode share answers how workers usually travel; it does not measure congestion, reliability, distance to a particular job, or the quality of transit service. No single mode completely explains the work trip here. The mix is more useful than a one-number commute grade, especially when comparing places where transit, walking, and remote work divide the non-driving share differently.

Driving alone is the largest reported mode at 74.2%. The reported mean trip to work is 30.6 minutes.

Compare commute patterns →

Other supported questions

Why these stay compact

These joined records add useful context, but they do not need another full-size panel. Each remains a separate measure with its own geography and source boundary.

Housing and income

How far does income reach against housing in Avenal?

The home-value-to-income reference is comparatively stretched: the ACS median home value is 4.2 times median household income. The ACS poverty estimate is 16.7%, which keeps the citywide median from describing every household.

This is a citywide price-to-income reference, not a mortgage-affordability test; it does not include interest rates, taxes, insurance, household size, or an individual buyer's down payment. Housing value is high relative to the citywide income median. That flags a question for comparison, not a verdict: tenure, household composition, financing costs, and the age of the ACS estimate can all change what a resident actually pays.

Household income
$52,986
Home value
$224,800
Value / income
4.2×

City-level Census ACS 2023 medians. The ratio divides two separate medians and is descriptive only.

Compare the housing trade-off →

Schools and households

What does the education layer cover for Avenal?

The NCES join finds 6 public schools within the city match. 4.4% of adults age 25+ hold a bachelor's degree or higher in the ACS estimate. These measures answer different questions: the school count describes local institutions, while adult attainment describes residents and cannot be used as a school-quality rating.

The city has a broader matched school footprint, but count alone does not describe performance, capacity, program availability, or attendance boundaries. This profile deliberately avoids converting it into an unsupported family-friendliness score.

Matched public schools
6
Bachelor's degree+
4.4%
Poverty estimate
16.7%

NCES Common Core of Data school locations plus Census ACS resident characteristics.

See how the family ranking is built →

Population

13,441 residents

Small city (10k–49k)

Median Household Income

$52,986 /yr

Low income · poverty 16.7% (High poverty)

Cost of Living Index (state)

110.7 (US=100)

Highest-decile cost · BEA RPP 2024, California average

City profile score · Avenal, CA

15/100

5 published dimensions · ACS/FBI 2023

Comparative score against U.S. cities with population of 1,000 or more on Census ACS medians (income, poverty, bachelor's share, cost of living) and FBI UCR violent-crime rates when published. Higher means a stronger standing on those published figures, not a livability rating, not a recommendation to move, buy, or pick a "best" city. Missing inputs drop out and redistribute weight. How it is calculated.

Household income F
$52,986

Median household income vs U.S. cities (pop ≥1,000); ACS.

Poverty rate F
16.7%

Share of residents below the poverty line; lower scores better on this axis.

Violent crime F
468 /100k

FBI UCR violent offenses per 100,000 residents; lower is stronger on this axis.

Cost of living F
110.7 index

BEA state Regional Price Parities index (100 ≈ national average); lower is stronger on this axis. Same value for every city in the state.

Bachelor's+ share F
4.4%

Adults with a bachelor's degree or higher; ACS.

Avenal profile (scored ACS/FBI dimensions) 5-axis radar comparing 1 series across Household income, Poverty rate, Violent crime, Cost of living, Bachelor's+ share. Household incomePoverty rateViolent crimeCost of livingBachelor's+ share 15 F
Avenal profile (scored ACS/FBI dimensions)
Read the chart values
  • Household income: 24/100 (F) · $52,986
  • Poverty rate: 19/100 (F) · 16.7%
  • Violent crime: 18/100 (F) · 468 /100k
  • Cost of living: 6/100 (F) · 110.7 index
  • Bachelor's+ share: 0/100 (F) · 4.4%

Where Avenal sits on home value vs crime among peer cities

Avenal's median home value and FBI crime rate plotted with similar-size and same-state peers (padded with large cities when the peer set is thin). The second read: pricey does not always mean safer, check which quadrant this city lands in.

Census ACS median home value vs FBI UCR crime rate - Avenal highlighted among 27 peers. 2×2 strategic matrix plotting 27 entities by Median home value ($) (X) and Crime rate (per 100k, lower = safer) (Y), with a crosshair dividing the plot into four quadrants. Pricier, lower crimeAffordable, lower crimePricier, higher crimeAffordable, higher crime $0$500,000$1,000,000$1,500,000 02,0004,0006,0008,000 Median home value ($) Crime rate (per 100k, lower = safer)
Census ACS median home value vs FBI UCR crime rate - Avenal highlighted among 27 peers.
Read the chart values
  • Avenal, CA (this city): home $224,800, crime 671/100k
  • Woodinville, WA : home $1,032,900, crime 3,072/100k
  • Kilgore, TX : home $154,600, crime 2,535/100k
  • Palmetto, FL : home $256,700, crime 2,386/100k
  • Trophy Club, TX : home $617,000, crime 410/100k
  • Harrison, OH : home $221,900, crime 848/100k
  • King City, CA : home $395,800, crime 978/100k
  • New York, NY : home $751,700, crime 3,039/100k
  • Los Angeles, CA : home $879,500, crime 2,212/100k
  • Chicago, IL : home $315,200, crime 4,012/100k
  • Houston, TX : home $253,400, crime 5,442/100k
  • Phoenix, AZ : home $381,900, crime 3,125/100k
  • Philadelphia, PA : home $232,400, crime 5,457/100k
  • San Antonio, TX : home $219,700, crime 5,218/100k
  • San Diego, CA : home $848,500, crime 2,082/100k
  • Dallas, TX : home $295,300, crime 4,010/100k
  • San Jose, CA : home $1,187,800, crime 3,195/100k
  • Austin, TX : home $512,700, crime 3,709/100k
  • Fort Worth, TX : home $277,300, crime 3,158/100k
  • Columbus, OH : home $234,500, crime 3,088/100k
  • Indianapolis, IN : home $207,000, crime 4,214/100k
  • San Francisco, CA : home $1,380,500, crime 4,526/100k
  • Seattle, WA : home $912,100, crime 5,783/100k
  • Denver, CO : home $586,700, crime 5,755/100k
  • Oklahoma City, OK : home $215,100, crime 3,570/100k
  • El Paso, TX : home $171,700, crime 1,772/100k
  • Washington, DC : home $724,600, crime 4,514/100k

How does Avenal compare to other US cities?

Where Avenal sits among all US cities (population 1,000+) on each measure, computed live from Census and FBI data.

Household income 24% higher than other cities
Home value 49% pricier than other cities
Median rent 88% pricier than other cities
Safety 78% safer than other cities

"Safer than" reflects total crime rate from FBI UCR; the others use Census ACS estimates.

A national percentile can hide a lot of local variation: narrowed to California alone, Avenal ranks #24 of 441 California cities by lowest crime rate - a different, more locally useful comparison than stacking it against the entire country.

How we calculate these percentiles & ranks

Each percentile compares Avenal against every qualifying US city; each in-state rank narrows that to California only. Full formula and direction notes: methodology.

California-relative analysis

Median Gross Rent places Avenal near the bottom of California's cities

Among the 1,458 California cities PlainCities tracks with reported median gross rent data, Avenal ranks #1 - the 0th percentile within the state. This is a different, narrower cut than the nationwide percentiles above: it compares Avenal only against its own state's cities, not the full US field.

Median Household Income
#1,148 of 1,338
14th percentile in California
Median Gross Rent
#1 of 1,458
0th percentile in California
Median Home Value
#1,217 of 1,343
9th percentile in California
Poverty Rate
#253 of 1,450
82nd percentile in California
Bachelor's Degree or Higher
#1,353 of 1,458
7th percentile in California
How in-state ranks are ordered

Ranked by raw value (highest first); a higher rank is not automatically "better" for every measure, see each metric's own context above. This is a comparison within California only, not a livability score. See the methodology for the source and calculation.

24thIncome percentile
78thSafety percentile
Gauge source note

24th percentile nationally for median household income · 78th percentile for safety (lower crime rate). Source: Census ACS 2023 / FBI UCR 2023.

Avenal's profile vs. every US city

Income, affordability, and safety percentile

Avenal's percentile rank on 3 favorable-direction measures (income, affordability, safety) vs. every tracked US city -- higher on every axis is more favorable. Not a composite quality score, just the arithmetic mean of the axes shown. 3-axis radar comparing 1 series across Income, Affordability, Safety. IncomeAffordabilitySafety 45 Avg. percentile National median
Avenal's percentile rank on 3 favorable-direction measures (income, affordability, safety) vs. every tracked US city -- higher on every axis is more favorable. Not a composite quality score, just the arithmetic mean of the axes shown.

How Avenal's home value compares nationally

Median home value vs. every US city (population 1,000+)

$224,800 Among the most affordable more affordable than 51% of 15,600 US cities

Show national distribution $0–$25,000: 5 US cities (0%). Below this entry. $25,000–$50,000: 54 US cities (0%). Below this entry. $50,000–$75,000: 352 US cities (2%). Below this entry. $75,000–$100,000: 1,086 US cities (7%). Below this entry. $100,000–$125,000: 1,516 US cities (10%). Below this entry. $125,000–$150,000: 1,170 US cities (8%). Below this entry. $150,000–$175,000: 1,278 US cities (8%). Below this entry. $175,000–$200,000: 1,229 US cities (8%). Below this entry. $200,000–$225,000: 1,035 US cities (7%). This entry sits in this band. $225,000–$250,000: 976 US cities (6%). Above this entry. $250,000–$275,000: 754 US cities (5%). Above this entry. $275,000–$300,000: 712 US cities (5%). Above this entry. $300,000–$325,000: 521 US cities (3%). Above this entry. $325,000–$350,000: 526 US cities (3%). Above this entry. $350,000–$375,000: 465 US cities (3%). Above this entry. $375,000–$400,000: 393 US cities (3%). Above this entry. $400,000–$425,000: 317 US cities (2%). Above this entry. $425,000–$450,000: 300 US cities (2%). Above this entry. $450,000–$475,000: 307 US cities (2%). Above this entry. $475,000–$500,000: 250 US cities (2%). Above this entry. $500,000–$525,000: 160 US cities (1%). Above this entry. $525,000–$550,000: 156 US cities (1%). Above this entry. $550,000–$575,000: 172 US cities (1%). Above this entry. $575,000–$600,000: 172 US cities (1%). Above this entry. $600,000–$625,000: 163 US cities (1%). Above this entry. $625,000–$650,000: 167 US cities (1%). Above this entry. $650,000–$675,000: 135 US cities (1%). Above this entry. $675,000–$700,000: 101 US cities (1%). Above this entry. $700,000–$725,000: 95 US cities (1%). Above this entry. $725,000–$750,000: 71 US cities (0%). Above this entry. $750,000–$775,000: 65 US cities (0%). Above this entry. $775,000–$800,000: 70 US cities (0%). Above this entry. $800,000–$825,000: 57 US cities (0%). Above this entry. $825,000–$850,000: 67 US cities (0%). Above this entry. $850,000–$875,000: 60 US cities (0%). Above this entry. $875,000–$900,000: 58 US cities (0%). Above this entry. $900,000–$925,000: 47 US cities (0%). Above this entry. $925,000–$950,000: 37 US cities (0%). Above this entry. $950,000–$975,000: 31 US cities (0%). Above this entry. $975,000–$1,000,000: 470 US cities (3%). Above this entry. $1,000,000–$1,025,000: 0 US cities (0%). Above this entry. Avenal $0 $1,025,000 every US city, bucketed by value

Each bar is a $25K-wide band; taller bars hold more US cities. The dashed line + filled bar mark this entry. Hover or tap any bar for its full count, share, and where it sits relative to this entry.

Source U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year Estimates · 2023

Avenal's home-value-to-income ratio: 4.2×

ACS median home value divided by median household income.

Band
moderate
3.0–5.0×
National rank
#11,364 of 15,516
More affordable than 27% of tracked cities (pop. 1,000+)
Size class
#2,176 of 3,317
Small cities (10,000–49,999)

At 4.2×, Avenal sits in the moderate band: national rank #11,364 of 15,516 and #2,176 of 3,317small cities (10,000–49,999). Income and home value move in the same broad scale; check same-state peers before treating the multiple as an advantage or a warning.

How this ratio is calculated

Ratio = Census ACS 2023 median home value ÷ median household income for cities with both fields and population ≥ 1,000. Rank 1 = lowest ratio (most compact). Bands match the fleet affordability thresholds used on guides (<3.0 / 3.0–5.0 / >5.0). This is not a mortgage payment estimate and does not include rates, taxes, insurance, or down payment.

Income distribution context

$52,986 Avenal, CA median household income (Census ACS)

Show U.S. national quintile / Lorenz context Household income distribution - Avenal, CA Avenal, CA's median household income ($52,986) against the U.S. national quintile-share pattern. The Lorenz curve and quintile bars are national context, not Avenal, CA-specific shares. $ Household Income Distribution Avenal, CA median $52,986/yr, vs. U.S. national quintile pattern QUINTILE SHARE OF AGGREGATE INCOME Lowest 20% 3.4% Second 20% 9.2% Middle 20% 15.1% Fourth 20% 23.2% Top 20% 49.1% LORENZ CURVE cumulative income vs. population 100% 0% 100% pop. 0%
Avenal, CA median household income (Census ACS 5-year) with U.S. national quintile shares for context. Diagonal = equality; the curve is national, not computed for Avenal, CA.

Key socioeconomic indicators

Bachelor's degree or higher (adults 25+) 4.4%

Census ACS S1501, educational attainment

Poverty rate (households below FPL) 16.7%

Census ACS S1701, poverty status

Labor force participation (adults 16+) 39.6%

Census ACS S2301, share of working-age residents in the labor force

Population
13,441
Median Income
$52,986
Median Home Value
$224,800
Median Age
32.3
Poverty Rate
16.7%
Labor force participation
39.6%
Bachelor's Degree+
4.4%

Safety & Crime

Total Crime Rate
671.2
per 100,000 residents
Violent Crime
468.4
per 100,000 residents
Property Crime
202.8
per 100,000 residents
Crime reporting caveat

Reflects incidents reported to the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting program — agency participation is voluntary and reporting completeness varies by jurisdiction and year, so this reflects reporting activity, not a definitive danger score. Not adjusted for tourism, commuter, or daytime population.

Schools

Total Schools
6
Public schools in this city

Population Change

PEP vintage

Annual U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program (PEP) estimates, 2020–2025

See the fastest-growing cities →
12,500 residents13,000 residents13,500 residents14,000 residents14,500 residents 202020212022202320242025 13,462 residents 13,479 residents ▲ +0.1%
Avenal's Census PEP population estimates, 2020–2025.
Read the chart as text
Period Population
2020 13,462 residents
2021 12,835 residents
2022 13,533 residents
2023 14,115 residents
2024 14,164 residents
2025 13,479 residents

Housing Supply

BPS source

Census Bureau Building Permits Survey (BPS) - annual residential permits authorized

📉 Construction Slowdown
Total Permits (2024)
7
housing units authorized
Single-Family
7
detached homes
Multifamily
0
apartments & condos
Supply Intensity
0.5
permits per 1,000 residents

5-Year Permit Trend (2019–2024)

Year Total
2019 17
2020 19
2021 45
2022 18
2023 42
2024 7

Permit volume decreased 59% from 2019 to 2024.

Commute Patterns

Commute source

How workers travel to work, Census ACS 2023

Average Commute Time
30.6 minutes
Drive Alone
74.2%
Carpool
17.4%
Public Transit
0.0%
Walk
2.2%
Work from Home
1.8%
Other
4.4%

Based on 3,855 workers 16 and over.

Monthly Utility Costs

California statewide monthly utility average (EIA 2023): $275

EIA 2023 residential energy data puts average monthly utilities across California at $275 (electricity about $150 , water and sewer about $70 ).

These are California statewide averages, not a meter reading for Avenal. Actual bills vary by home size, usage, and local rates. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) 2023.

Living Costs & Risk

California's BEA cost-of-living index is 110.7 (Well Above Average; US average = 100, RPP 2024). HUD Fair Market Rent for a typical two-bedroom in the county around Avenal is $2,053/mo. FEMA's National Risk Index, averaged to California statewide on PlainCities, rates natural-hazard exposure at 88.7 / 100 (Very High).

Cost/risk geography note

Cost of living is a California statewide BEA average; rent is a county-level HUD Fair Market Rent for the county Avenal sits in; the FEMA hazard score shown here is a statewide average of county NRI inputs, not a parcel-level reading.

How Avenal compares to similar-size California cities

Same-state peer method

Closest same-state population matches, not geographic neighbors. Population + median household income come from Census Bureau ACS 5-year B01001 and B19013.

City Population Median Household Income
Avenal (this city) 13,441 $52,986
Lake Los Angeles 13,479 $60,999
Lamont 13,481 $34,436
King City 13,512 $63,090
FBI UCR NCES CCD Census BPS 2024
Primary sources on this page

Source: U.S. Census Bureau ACS 5-Year 2023, FBI UCR, NCES CCD, Census BPS 2024, Census ACS B08301/B08136, U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) 2023, BEA Regional Price Parities 2024, HUD Fair Market Rents 2026, FEMA National Risk Index.

Citation & verification links Data sourced from the U.S. Census Bureau. See our methodology for details. Retrieved and formatted by PlainCities

Primary sources: Census ACS, FBI UCR, NOAA Climate Normals, NCES. Joins use OMB Bulletin 23-01 / FIPS keys.

Browse all city profiles → · Explore city rankings →

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Estimate caveats

ACS and UCR figures are citywide estimates with vintage lags; they do not replace a local visit, school visit, or insurance quote.

Editorial standards, provenance, and how to cite this page

Every figure on PlainCities is rendered directly from Census ACS source data, no number is typed in by an editor. This page draws directly on Census ACS source data, no figure is typed in by an editor. See our editorial standards & corrections policy, the methodology behind these numbers, or report a data error.

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